Concept 3.3
Political revolutions and the complications resulting from industrialization triggered a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses.
The French and industrial revolutions triggered dramatic political and social consequences and new theories to deal with them. The ideologies engendered by these 19th-century revolutions -- conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and even romanticism -- provided their adherents with coherent views of the world and differing blueprints for change. The responses to socioeconomic changes reached a culmination in the revolutions of 1848, but the failure of these uprisings left the issues raised by the economic, political, and social transformations unresolved well into the 20th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, labor leaders in many countries created unions and syndicates to provide the working classes with a collective voice, and these organizations used collective action such as strikes and movements for men’s universal suffrage to reinforce their demands. Feminists and suffragists petitioned and staged public protests to press their demands for similar rights for women. The international movements for socialism, labor, and women’s rights were important examples of a trend toward international cooperation in a variety of causes, including antislavery and peace movements. Finally, political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for advocating reform or reacting to changing conditions in the political arena.
Nationalism acted as one of the most powerful engines of political change, inspiring revolutions as well as campaigns by states for national unity or a higher degree of centralization. Early nationalism emphasized shared historical and cultural experiences that often threatened traditional elites. Over the course of the 19th century, leaders recognized the need to promote national unity through economic development and expanding state functions to meet the challenges posed by industry.
3.3.1: Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.
3.3.1.A: Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
3.3.2: Governments, at times based on the pressure of political or social organizations, responded to problems created or exacerbated by industrialization.
3.3.2.A: Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialization.
3.3.2.B: Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organizations.
3.3.3: Political movements and social organizations responded to the problems of industrialization.
3.3.3.A: Mass-based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform.
The French and industrial revolutions triggered dramatic political and social consequences and new theories to deal with them. The ideologies engendered by these 19th-century revolutions -- conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and even romanticism -- provided their adherents with coherent views of the world and differing blueprints for change. The responses to socioeconomic changes reached a culmination in the revolutions of 1848, but the failure of these uprisings left the issues raised by the economic, political, and social transformations unresolved well into the 20th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, labor leaders in many countries created unions and syndicates to provide the working classes with a collective voice, and these organizations used collective action such as strikes and movements for men’s universal suffrage to reinforce their demands. Feminists and suffragists petitioned and staged public protests to press their demands for similar rights for women. The international movements for socialism, labor, and women’s rights were important examples of a trend toward international cooperation in a variety of causes, including antislavery and peace movements. Finally, political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for advocating reform or reacting to changing conditions in the political arena.
Nationalism acted as one of the most powerful engines of political change, inspiring revolutions as well as campaigns by states for national unity or a higher degree of centralization. Early nationalism emphasized shared historical and cultural experiences that often threatened traditional elites. Over the course of the 19th century, leaders recognized the need to promote national unity through economic development and expanding state functions to meet the challenges posed by industry.
3.3.1: Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.
3.3.1.A: Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
- Jeremy Bentham
- Anti-Corn Law League
- John Stuart Mill
- Chartists
- Flora Tristan
- Edmund Burke
- Joseph de Maistre
- Klemens von Metternich
- Henri de Saint-Simon
- Charles Fourier
- Robert Owen
- Friedrich Engels
- Clara Zetkin
- Rosa Luxemburg
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Georges Sorel
- J. G. Fichte
- Grimm Brothers
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- Pan-Slavists
- Dreyfus Affair
- Christian Social Party in Germany
- Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna
- Theodor Herzl
3.3.2: Governments, at times based on the pressure of political or social organizations, responded to problems created or exacerbated by industrialization.
3.3.2.A: Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialization.
3.3.2.B: Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organizations.
- Sewage and water systems
- Public lighting
- Public housing
- Urban redesign
- Parks
- Public transportation
- Edwin Chadwick
- Georges Haussmann
3.3.3: Political movements and social organizations responded to the problems of industrialization.
3.3.3.A: Mass-based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform.
- Conservatives and Liberals in Great Britain
- Conservatives and Socialists in France
- Social Democratic Party in Germany
- German Social Democratic Party
- British Labour Party
- Russian Social Democratic Party
- Flora Tristan
- British Women's Social and Political Union
- Pankhurst family
- Barbara Smith Bodichon
- The Sunday School movement
- The temperance movement
- British abolitionist movement
- Josephine Butler